成人英语三级复习指导:高分语法 (1)

时间:2009-09-22 19:00:00   来源:开云kaiyun(中国)易网     [字体: ]
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点:

  (1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如:the fern(蕨类), the wallflower
  (2) 序数词之前必须用the,如:the first woman, the nineteenth century  但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby
  (3) 形容词级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如:the largest city, the most advanced technology
  (4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如:the development of the watch,
  (5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如:the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun

  在下列情况下,一般不用the:
  (1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美 国)
  但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江)
  (2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如:algebra(代数开云kaiyun(中国)), advertising, accounting(会计开云kaiyun(中国))
  (3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如:Historians believe that…, Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from…
  (4) 一些固定词组中,如:in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed

  乘车的词组:
by train(乘火车), by car (乘汽车), by bicycle(骑脚踏车), by bus (乘公共汽车), by land(由陆路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) on foot (步行), by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船),
  打球的词组:
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball

注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the)chairman of the committee. 不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词:much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) little /a little /less /least, a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。有些形容词本身就具有“比….年长”、“ 比…..优越”等含义,因此也就没有比 较级 和级。
比如: inferior, superior, senior, anterior。这些形容词往往和 to连用 ,而不和than连用。

  有些形容词本身就具备“最、极”的含义,所以就没有级和比较级。如:absolute(绝对的), unique(独一无二的), infinite(无限的), round(圆的),right(对的), correct(正确的), wrong(错误的), perfect(完美的),这类形容词往往被称 为绝对形容词对于most来讲,除了构成某些词级外,most的用法有几点需要注意,经常成为改错题的考点:
  1. 当most表示大多数时,之前不加the, 并且有两种形式来表示大多数,分别 为:most + 名词,
  如:most people, most Indian tribes;most + of + 限定词 + 名词或代词,如:most of his paintings,most of us, most of the modern artists
  2. most有时意思等同于very, 此时most之前用不定冠词,
  如:
  a most lovely girl, a most impressive proposal
  例题:
  (1)
  The most substances expand in volume when they are heated.    
    A        B   C     D
  答案:A
  应改为:Most
  解释:most只有在表示形容词级作定语时需加定冠词,此句表示“大多数”,没必要加the. Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the crust of the Earth, but the nonmetals
         A          B      C
oxygen and silicon are more still abundant.
            D
  考点:程度副词
  答案:D
  应改为:still more
  解释:程度副词still修饰比较级more时,应置于其前

  几点参考规则:
  1. 多数副词放在修饰的动词之后,若动词有宾语则放在宾语之后,如:She sings very well.
  I met your uncle(动词的宾语) just now.
  I met just now your uncle (错)
  2. 副词修饰形容词、介词短语、副词时常放在被修饰成分之前,如:These two are only slightly different.
right after this, very smoothly
  当然,副词enough是一个例外,要放在修饰成分的后面,如:I am not good enough to do this job. (对)
I am not enough good to do this job. (错)
  3. 表示频率的副词常放在实意动词之前,be动词之后,如:He often/ always/ rarely/seldom/never play(实意动词) tennis. 、He is always here at 8’clock. (be动词之后)
  4. 部分副词的位置没有一定的规定,原则上接近被修饰词即可,如:only, even, still, perhaps, etc.
第四节 容易混淆的词
            D
  考点:程度副词
  答案:D
  应改为:still more
  解释:程度副词still修饰比较级more时,应置于其前
  几点参考规则:

  1. 多数副词放在修饰的动词之后,若动词有宾语则放在宾语之后,如:She sings very well. I met your uncle(动词的宾语) just now. I met just now your uncle (错)
  2. 副词修饰形容词、介词短语、副词时常放在被修饰成分之前,如:These two are only slightly different.
right after this, very smoothly
  当然,副词enough是一个例外,要放在修饰成分的后面,如:I am not good enough to do this job. (对)
I am not enough good to do this job. (错)
  3. 表示频率的副词常放在实意动词之前,be动词之后,如:He often/ always/ rarely/seldom/never play(实意动词) tennis. He is always here at 8’clock. (be动词之后)
  4. 部分副词的位置没有一定的规定,原则上接近被修饰词即可,如:only, even, still, perhaps, etc.

  第四节 容易混淆的词

  hard (努力,副词) -hardly (几乎不,副词)
  close (接近,形容词) -closely(接近,副词)
  near (接近,形容词) -nearly (几乎,副词), nearby (adj.邻近的)
  most (大多数的,形容词) -mostly(主要地,大部分 副词)
  late (迟、晚,形容词) -lately (最近,副词),later(adv.稍后的)
  high (高的,形容词) -highly (adv. 非常,大大的)
  另外: friendly(友好的), lovely(可爱的、有趣的),尽管词尾有ly, 但是都是形容词作主语:不定式短语可作主语如:To see is to believe (百闻不如一见)
    To work hard should be your major concern.
  注意:由于英文不习惯句子主语过长,不定式主语常被形式主语it所代替(详见第十七章)
  例如上面第二句可以变为: It should be your major concern to work hard.
  又如: It is very nice of you to help me
  不定式常接在名词之后作定语,如:something to read, nothing to do, anything to declare,
  a lot to complain of, the right person to talk to, etc.
  由上述例子不难看出不定式和被修饰词间有动宾关系,因此不及物动词之后必须加上相
搭配的介词(例如上面的complain + of, talk +to)不定式定语还可表示将来的含义,如:in the years to follow, the meeting to be held in June
  独立主格的主语和句子主语不一致
  如:(With) His mouth filled with water, he couldn’t utter a word. (独立主格) 对于分词来讲其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致: Filling his mouth with water, he couldn’t utter a word.

  在TOEFL考试中,经常混淆反身代词的写法,结尾的-self和-selves经常故意写错
  反身代词的用法
  可以用来做宾语: He hurt himself when he fell.
  可以用来做表语: He is not quite himself today. (他今天有些不舒服)
  反身代词经常放在名词或者代名词的后面来进行强调, 表示“亲自”的意思
  I myself do it.
  I do it myself.
  They made the research themselves.