第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)
下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义为接近的选项。
1．1 wanted to ask her out but was scared that she might refuse．
A．afraid
B．anxious
C．sure
D．sad
2．She always finds fault with everything
A．simplifies
B．criticizes
C．evaluates
D．examines
3．At that time，we did not fully grasp the significance of what had happened．
A．give
B．attach
C．lose
D．understand
4．I got a note from Moira urging me to get in touch．
A．instructing
B．pushing
C．notifying
D．inviting
5．Jane said that she couldn’t tolerate the long hours．
A．stand
B．spend
C．take
D．1ast
6．The sea turtle’s natural habitat has been considerably reduced．
A．suddenly
B．greatly
C．generally
D．slightly
7．Anderson left the table，remarking that he had some work to do．
A．saying
B．doubting
C．thinking
D．knowing
8．At 80，Peck was still vigorous and living in Paris．
A．happy
B．energetic
C．alone
D．busv
9．A young man is being hailed a hero tonight after rescuing two children．
A．reported
B．proved
C．caught
D．praised
10．He asserted that nuclear power was a safe and non—polluting energy source．
A．maintained
B．recommended
C．considered
D．acknowledged
11．It is possible to approach the problem in a different way．
A．handle
B．raise
C．pose
D．experience
12．The study also notes a steady decline in the number of college students taking science courses．
A．relative
B．general
C．continuous
D．shard
13．For some obscure reason，the simple game is becoming very popular．
A．obvious
B．major
C．unclear
D．minor
14．The decision to invade provoked storms of protest．
A．ignored
B．organized
C．caused
D．received
15．Forester stared at his car，trembling with rage．
A．turning
B．jumping
C．shouting
D．shaking
第2部分：阅读判断(第16～22题，每题1分，共7分)
下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
Relieving the Pain
"Exercise may be the best treatment of chronic pain," say doctors at a new clinic for dealing with pain. "People with chronic pain need to stop lying around, go out more, and start exercising."The instinctive reaction to acute pain is to stop moving and to try to protect the source of pain. But it seems that this is often not productive, especially in the case of back pain. Back pain, after headaches and tiredness, has become the third most common reason for people to visit their doctors. Painful backs now account for millions of days off work.
Lumber (腰部的)pains are partly the price humans pay for taking their forelimbs off the ground, but they are made worse by a sedentary(久坐不动的) lifestyle. Lack of exercise slowly decreases the flexibility and strength of muscles, so that it is more difficult to take pressure off the site of pain. Exercise is essential. It releases endorphins(内啡肽) , the body's "feel-good" chemicals, which are natural painkillers. In fact, these are so important that researchers are now looking for drugs that can maintain a comfortable level of endorphins in the body.
Most people who go to a family doctor complaining of pain are prescribed pain-killing drugs rather than exercise. Since finding the cause of backache is not so easy, doctors frequently do not know the precise cause of the discomfort, and as the pain continues, sufferers end up taking stronger doses or series of different drugs. "It's crazy," says Dr. Brasseur, a therapist at the International Association for the Study of Pain. "Some of them are taking different drugs prescribed by different doctors. I've just seen a patient who was taking two drugs which turned out to be the same thing under different names."
A generation of new pain clinics now operates on the basis that drugs are best avoided. Once patients have undergone the initial physical and psychological check up, their medication is cut down as much as possible. Taking patients off drugs also prepares them for physical activity.
In some pain-relief clinics, patients begin the day with muscle contraction and relaxation exercise, followed by an hour on exercise bikes. Later in the day, they practice t'ai chi(太极) self-defense, and deep thought. This compares with an average of two-and-a half hours physiotherapy(理疗) a week in a traditional hospital program. "The idea is to strengthen and to increase long-lasting energy, flexibility, and confidence," explains Bill Wiles, a consultant pain doctor in Liverpool. "Patients undergoing this therapy get back to work and resume healthy active lifestyles much sooner that those subjected to more conservative treatment."
16 To treat pain, patients should stop moving around.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
17 Headaches are partly caused by lack of exercise.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
18 Exercise helps to take the pressure off the site of pain.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
19 Doctors often use drugs such as endorphins to treat patients.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
20 Backache sufferers often end up taking more than one drug to kill pain.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
21 Exercises helps pain sufferers to recover more quickly than traditional treatment.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
22 New pain clinics ask patients to give up drugs completely.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23～30题，每题1分，共8分)
下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2-5段每段选择1个佳标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个佳选项。
Owls and Larks(猫头鹰与云雀)
1 In this article, we look at the importance of sleep for learning. Most healthy adults need eight or more hours of sleep. But why do we need sleep in the first place? We need sleep for the brain to get a chance to rebuild memories stored during the day and associate these with previously learned things. If this process is interrupted by, say, the sound of an alarm clock, it may not be as effective. So if your sleep is cut short by the alarm clock, how damaging is it? The truth is that it's difficult to predict, as so much depends on how much sleep your body actually needs on that particular occasion.
2 The popular belief that people are naturally either larks (early risers) or owls is false. The reason why people tend to be one or the other has more to do with lifestyle, age, and personality. Many people who appear to be early birds may have just become so through habit, for example, parents with very young children. Teenagers can have difficulty falling asleep until late at night and then they naturally have problems getting up the following morning.
3 The main reason why owls are owls is that they tend to spend their time over a book, movie, or computer game till the early hours of the morning. They enjoy the quiet of the night when they can pursue their passion. On the other hand, larks can make better use of early morning hours where they can study in quiet at the time when their brains are most refreshed. So which is better for learning-an owl's or a lark's lifestyle? The simple truth is that it is more complex than simply being one or the other. Leading a well-balanced life in terms of work and play and sleeping enough to bring maximum refreshment is probably the secret.
4 As for naps, experts on insomnia(失眠)argue against taking naps, as these may keep people up at night. If your nap lasts only five minutes to half an hour and does not affect your ability to fall asleep in the night, it will probably help you be more alert in evening hours. However, if you are having problems getting to sleep at night, it's not only naps that you should avoid. Try not to drink a lot of alcohol, take nicotine(尼古丁), do mentally intense activities like preparing for exams or doing exercise in the evening. Some people swear that drinking coffee never stops them from sleeping like a log, whereas others will never go near the stuff for fear of being awake all night. However, the best advice for most is to avoid it in the evening, and if you drink coffee before a nap, remember you are likely to awaken as soon as the caffeine starts kicking in.
23 Paragraph 1 _________
24 Paragraph 2 _________
25 Paragraph 3 _________
26 Paragraph 4 _________
A What should we avoid?
B How much sleep do we need?
C Which is better, being an owl or a lark?
D Why do we need sleep?
E What makes people owls or larks?
F What helps us fall asleep?
27 Sleep helps brain to _________.
28 Parents with very young children tend to _________
29 A good lifestyle means one can _________.
30 It is good advice for most people to _________.
A sleep enough to bring most refreshment
B keep away from coffee in the evening
C stay up till the early hours of the morning
D get up quite early
E store memories in the brain
F rebuild memories stored during the day
第4部分：阅读理解(第3l～45题，每题3分，共45分)
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容,为每题确定1个佳选项。
第一篇 Cell Phones: Hang Up or Keep Talking?
Millions of people are using cell phones today. In many places it is actually considered unusual not to use one. In many countries, cell phones are very popular with young people. They find that the phones are more than a means of communication-having a mobile phone shows that they are cool and connected.
The explosions around the world in mobile phone use make some health professional worried. Some doctors are concerned that in the future many people may suffer health problems from the use of mobile phones. In England, there has been a serious debate about this issue. Mobile phone companies are worried about the negative publicity of such ideas. They say that there is no proof that mobile phones are bad for your health.
On the other hand, why do some medical studies show changes in the brain cells of some people who use mobile phones? Signs of change in the issues of the brain and head can be detected with modern scanning (扫描) equipment. In one case, a traveling salesman had to retire at a young age because of serious memory loss. He couldn't remember even simple tasks. He would often forget the name of his own son. This man used to talk on his mobile phone for about six hours a day, every day of his working week, for a couple of years. His family doctor blamed his mobile phone use, but his employer's doctor didn't agree.
What is it that makes mobile phones potentially harmful? The answer is radiation. High-tech machines can detect very small amounts of radiation from mobile phones. Mobile phone companies agree that there is some radiation, but they say the amount is too small to worry about.
As the discussion about their safety continues, it appears that it's best to use mobile phones less often. Use your regular phone if you want to talk for a long time. Use your mobile phone only when you really need it. Mobile phones can be very useful and convenient, especially in emergencies. In the future, mobile phones may have a warning label that says they are bad for your health. So for now, it's wise not to use your mobile phone too often
31 People buy cell phones for the following reasons EXCEPT that
A they're popular
B they're useful
C they're convenient
D they're cheap
32 The world "detected" in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by
A cured
B removed
C discovered
D caused
33 The salesman retired young because
A he couldn't remember simple tasks
B he disliked using mobile phones
C he was tired of talking on his mobile phone
D his employer's doctor persuaded him to
34. On the safety issue of mobile phones, the manufacturing companies
A hold that the amount of radiation is too small to worry about
B deny the existence of mobile phone radiation
C develop new technology to reduce mobile phone radiation
D try to prove that mobile phones are not harmful to health
35 The writer's purpose of writing this article is to advise people
A to buy mobile phones
B to use mobile phones less often
C to update regular phones
D to stop using mobile phones
第二篇 Immune Functions
The immune system is equal in complexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system. The success of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory communication network consulting of millions and millions of cells. Organized into sets and subsets, these cells pass information back and forth like clouds of bees flying around a hive(蜂巢). The result is a sensitive system of checks and balances that produces an immune response that is prompt, appropriate, effective, and self-omitting.
At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and nonself. When immune defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign of nonself molecules, the immune troops move quickly to eliminate the intruders (入侵者). Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as self. The body's immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self-marker. Rather, immune cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in a state known as self-tolerance. When a normally functioning immune system attacks a nonself molecule, the system has the ability to "remember" the specifics of the foreign body. Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules, the immune system reacts accordingly. With the possible exception of antibodies(抗体)passed during lactation(授乳期), this so called immune system memory is not inherited. Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family, your immune system must "learn" from experience with the many millions of distinctive nonself molecules in the sea of microbes (微生物) in which we live, learning necessitates producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match up with and counteract each nonself invader.
Any substance capable of stimulating an immune response is called an antigen (抗原). Antigens are not to be confused with allergens (过敏原)，which are most often harmless substances that provoke the immune system to set off the inappropriate and harmful response known as allergy. An antigen can be a virus, a bacterium, or even a portion or product of one of these organisms. Tissues or cells from another individual (except an identical win, whose cells carry identical self makers act as antigens; because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign, it rejects them. The body will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first broken down by the digestive system into their primary, nonantigenic building blocks. An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and characteristic shapes called epitopes (抗原表位), which protrude (突出) from its surface. Most antigens, even the simplest microbes, carry several different kinds of epitomes on their surface, some may even carry several hundred. Some epitomes will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response. Only in abnormal situations does the immune system wrongly identify self as nonself and execute a misdirected immune attack.
36 What is used to describe the communication network consisting of cells in the immune system?
A The immune system's memory.
B Bees flying around a hive.
C Immune troops eliminating intruders.
D A sea of microbes.
37 The immune cells and other cells in the body coexist peaceably in a state known as
A balance.
B harmony.
C tolerance.
D self-tolerance.
38 How do the immune cells recognize an antigen as "foreign" or "nonself"?
A Through characteristic shapes on the antigen surface.
B Through an allergic response.
C Through blood type.
D Through fine hairs protruding from the antigen surface.
39 Which of the following statements is true?
A Allergens are usually harmful substances.
B Antigens can trigger an immune response.
C People with antigens do not suffer from obvious responses.
D There is no difference between an antigen and an allergen.
40 Which of the following best expresses the main idea of this passage?
A The basic function of the immune system is to distinguish between self and nonself.
B An antigen is any substance that triggers an immune response.
C One of the immune system's primary functions is the allergic response.
D The human body is an appropriate habitat for microbes.
第三篇 Be Alert to Antimicrobial（抗微生物的）Resistance
The ability of micro-organisms to find ways to evade the action of the drugs used to cure the infections they cause is increasingly recognized as a global public health issue. Some bacteria have developed mechanisms which make them resistant to many of the antibiotics (抗生素) normally used for their treatment (multi-drug resistant bacteria), so pose particular difficulties, as there may be few or no alternative options for therapy. They constitute a growing and global public health problem. WHO suggests that countries should be prepared to implement hospital infection control measures to limit the spread of multi-drug resistant strains (菌株) and to reinforce national policy on prudent use of antibiotics, reducing the generation of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
An article published in 7"he Lancet Infectious Diseases on 11 August 2010 identified a new gene that enables some types of bacteria to be highly resistant to almost/all antibiotics. The article has drawn attention to the issue of AMR3 (antimicrobial resistance), and, in particular, has raised awareness of infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria.
While multi-drug resistant bacteria are not new and will continue to appear, this development requires monitoring and further study to understand the extent and modes of transmission, and to define the most effective measures for control.
Those called upon to be alert to the problem of antimicrobial resistance and take appropriate action include consumers, managers of hospitals, patients, as well as national governments, the pharmaceutical (制药的) industry, and international agencies.
WHO strongly recommends that governments focus control and prevention efforts in the following areas like surveillance for antimicrobial resistance; rational antibiotic use, including education of healthcare workers and the public in the appropriate use of antibiotics; introducing or enforcing legislation related to stopping the selling of antibiotics without prescription; and strict adherence to infection prevention and control measures, including the use of hand-washing measures, particularly in healthcare facilities.
Successful control of multidrug-resistant microorganisms has been documented in many countries, and the existing and well-known infection prevention and control measures can effectively reduce- transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms if systematically implemented.
WHO will continue to support countries to develop relevant policies, and to coordinate international efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance will be the theme of WHO's World Health Day 2011.
41 Antimicrobial residence has become a global public health issue because
A there may be few or no treatment to infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria.
B new antibiotics are too expensive for poor countries.
C infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria have killed a lot of people.
D scientists know nothing about multi-drug resistant bacteria.
42 The word "prudent" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
A unwise.
B wasteful.
C widespread.
D careful.
43 The article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases found that
A some bacteria have developed a new gene to resist almost all antibiotics.
B a new multi-drug resistant bacterium has appeared.
C some infections are caused by antibiotics.
D some countries are successful in controlling multi-drug resistant microorganisms.
44 WHO recommends governments to focus on the following areas EXCEPT
A keeping hospitals from storing more antibiotics than they can use.
B education on the use of antibiotics.
C control of antibiotic use.
D introduction of new regulations on the sale of antibiotics.
45 We learn from the passage that
A antimicrobial resistance was not noticed until 2010.
B further study is needed to deal with the transmission of multi-drug resistant bacteria.
C without WHO, no country will be safer in the war against antimicrobial resistance.
D WHO will focus its prevention and control efforts in poor countries.
第5 部分：补全短文（第46-50 题，每题2 分，共10 分）
下面的短文有5 处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。
Mt. Desert Island
The coast of the State of Maine is one of the most irregular in the world. A straight line running from the southernmost coastal city to the northernmost coastal city would measure about 225 miles. If you followed the coastline between these points, you would travel more than ten times as far. This irregularity is the result of what is called a drowned coastline.____(46) At that time, the whole area that is now Maine was part of a mountain range that towered above the sea. As the glacier (冰川)descended, however, it expended enormous force on those mountains, and they sank into the sea.
As the mountains sank, ocean water charged over the lowest parts of the remaining land, forming a series of twisting inlets and lagoons (咸水湖).The highest parts of the former mountain range, nearest the shore, remained as islands. ____(47) Marine fossils found here 225 feet above sea level, indicating the level of the shoreline prior to the glacier.
The 2,500-mile-long rocky coastline of Maine keeps watch over nearly two thousand islands. Many of these islands are tiny and uninhabited, but many are home to thriving communities. Mt. Desert Island is one of the largest, most beautiful of the Maine coast islands. Measuring 16 miles by 12 miles, Mt. Desert was essentially formed as two distinct islands.____(48)
For years, Mt. Desert Island, particularly its major settlement, Bar Harbor, afforded summer homes for the wealthy. Recently though, Bar Harbor has become a rapidly growing arts community as well. But the best part of the island is the unspoiled forest land known as Acadia National Park. Because the island sits on the boundary line between the temperate (温带) and sub-Arctic zones, the island supports the plants and animals of both zones as well as beach, inland, and alpine (高山的) plants.____(49) The establishment of Acadia National Park in 1916 means that this natural reserve will be perpetually available to all people, not just the wealthy. Visitors to Acadia may receive nature instruction from the park naturalists as well as enjoy camping, cycling, and boating. Or they may choose to spend time at the archeological museum, learning about the Stone Age inhabitants of the island.
The best view on Mt. Desert island is from the top of Cadillac Mountain.___(50)From the summit, you can gaze back toward the mainland or out over the Atlantic Ocean and contemplate the beauty created by retreating glacier.
A It also lies in a major bird migration lane and is a resting spot for many birds.
B Mt. Desert Island is one of the most famous of all of the islands left behind by the glacier.
C The wealthy residents of Mt. Desert Island selfishly kept it to themselves.
D The term comes from the activity of the ice age.
E This mountain rises 1,532 feet, making it the highest mountain on the Atlantic seashore.
F It is split almost in half by Somes Sound, a deep and narrow stretch of water seven miles long.
第6部分：完形填空(第51～65题，每题1分，共15分)
下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个佳选项。
Pandemic (大面积流行的) H1N1 2009
The most active areas of pandemic influenza transmission currently are in central and eastern Europe. Focal(集中的) increases in rates during recent weeks were ______(51) in at least two eastern European countries. A high intensity of respiratory(呼吸道) diseases activity with concurrent(同时存在的) circulation of pandemic influenza still ______ (52) in parts of southern and eastern Europe, ______(53) in Greece, Poland, and Ukraine.
In Western Europe, influenza transmission remains ______(54) active and widespread, but overall disease activity has peaked. All influenza viruses in Western Europe were pandemic H1N1 2009, ______(55), very small numbers of seasonal influenza viruses, covering less than 1% of all influenza viruses found, were reported in Russia. In ______(56), limited available data indicate that active, high intensity transmission is occurring in Northern African countries ______(57) the Mediterranean coast.
In Central Asia, limited data ______(58) that influenza virus circulation remains active, but transmission may have recently peaked in some places. In West Asia, Israel, Iran, and Iraq also appear to have passed their ______(59) period of transmission within the past month, though both areas continue to have some active transmission and levels of respiratory disease activity have not yet ______(60) to baseline levels. In East Asia, influenza transmission remains active but appears to be ______(61) overall. Slight increases in ILI were reported in Mongolia after weeks of declining activity following a large peak of activity ______(62) one month ago.
In North America, influenza transmission ______(63) widespread but has declined quickly in all countries. In the tropical regions of Central and South America and the Caribbean, influenza transmission remains geographically widespread but overall disease ______(64) has been declining or remains unchanged in most parts, ______(65) for focal increases in respiratory disease activity in a few countries.
51. A expected B reported C marked D caused
52. A plays B keeps C maintains D exists
53. A usually B particularly C exactly D completely
54. A inactive B active C faithful D unaffected
55. A yet B however C still D until
56. A fact B general C total D addition
57. A beside B at C along D around
58. A suggest B advise C propose D recommend
59. A brief B late C long D peak
60. A returned B led C brought D turned
61. A declining B rising C balancing D jumping
62. A above B from C over D since
63. A seems B expands C becomes D remains
64. A picture B performance C quality D activity
65. A except B as C all D and
2011年全国职称英语考试真题答案卫生类（A级）
第一部分：词汇选项
1．A【解析】题意：我想约她出来但是害怕她有可能拒绝。
划线词scared意思是“吃惊的、害怕的”。
A项afraid担心，害怕。例句：I’m afraid that I will be late．我担心我要迟到了。
B项anxious忧虑。例句：I’m very anxious about the speech contest．我对此次演讲比赛十分忧虑。
C项sure肯定。例句：I think you are not quite sure about it．我认为，你们对这一点并不能完全肯定。
D项sad悲伤。例句：Her eyes moistened as she listened to the sad story．听着这悲伤的故事，她的眼睛湿润了。
很明显A项正确。
2．B【解析】题意：她总是事事加以非难(挑剔)。
划线部分find fault with即可。fault的意思是“挑剔，找毛病，批评”。
A项simplify简化。例句：That will simplify my task．那可简化了我的工作。
B项criticize批评。例句：You should not criticize him so harshly in his face．你不应该当面这么严厉地批评他。
C项evaluate评价。例句：Let’s evaluate the evidence．让我们评定一下此证据的价值。
D项examine调查，考试。例句：It is necessary to examine how the proposals can be carried out．有必要调查一下怎样才能实施这些方案。
很明显B项正确。
3．D【解析】题意：当时，我们没有理解所发生事情的重要性。
划线词grasp的意思是“领会，理解”。
A项give意为给。例句：Have you given the waiter a tip?你给侍者小费了吗?
B项attach意为附上，加上。例句：I attach a copy of my notes for your information．
我附上笔记一份供你参考。
C项lose意为丢失，丧失。例句：I lost my wallet yesterday．我昨天丢了钱包。
D项understand意为理解，领悟。例句：I don’t understand what you’re talking about．我不明白你在说什么。
很明显D项正确。
4．B【解析】题意：我从Moira那里得到一张便条，催促我尽快联系。
划线词urge的词义为“催促”。
A项instruct意为教导，指示。例句：His uncle instructed him in French．他的叔叔教他法语。
B项push意为催促。例句：You’d better not push me for an answer to your request．你好不要催促我答复你的请求。
C项notify意为宣告，通知。例句：Please notify us of any change of address．地址如有变动，请通知我们。
D项invite意为邀请。例句：She showed me her gratitude by inviting me to dinner．她邀请我吃晚饭以表示感谢。
很明显B项正确。
5．A【解析】题意：简说她无法忍受这么长时间。
划线词tolerate的词义是“容忍”。
A项stand意为站立，忍受。例句：I don’t think the chair is firm enough to stand on．我觉得这椅子不够稳固，不能站人。
B项spend意为花费。例句：You really shouldn’t spend so much effort on it．你真不该在这件事上花费这么大的精力。
C项take意为拿，取。例句：Please take the trash to the garbage carl．请将垃圾扔到垃圾筒里去。
D项last意为持续。例句：The hot weather lasted until September．炎热的天气持续到九月。
很明显A项正确。
6．B【解析】题意：海龟的自然生存环境大大的恶化了。
划线词的意思为“相当大的”。
A项suddenly意为突然地。例句：Suddenly he began to shriek loudly．突然他开始大声尖叫起来。
B项greatly意为大大地。例句：His writing has improved greatly in this semester．这开云kaiyun(中国)期他的写作有了很大进步。
C项generally意为一般地。例句：Generally speaking，this is impossible．一般来说，这是不可能的。
D项slightly意为轻微地。例句：He is slightly drunk．他有些醉了。
很明显B项正确。
7．A【解析】题意：安德森离开了桌子，同时说道他有些工作要去做。
划线词remark的意思是“说，讲”。
A项say意为说。例句：Be quiet，I’ve something to say to you．安静，我有话要对你们讲。
B项doubt意为怀疑。例句：I doubt the truth of it．我怀疑此事的真实程度。
C项think意为想。例句：Independent thinking is an absolute necessity．独立思考是绝对必要的。
D项know意为知道。例句：There’s no knowing what they will d0．没法知道他们会做些什么。
很明显A项是正确选项。
8．B【解析】题意：佩克八十岁时仍然精力旺盛地生活在巴黎。
划线词的词义为“精力旺盛的”。
A项happy意为幸福的。例句：The old couple have a happy life．那对老夫妇过着幸福的生活。
B项energetic意为精力旺盛的。例句：His son is an energetic child．他的儿子是个精力旺盛的孩子。
C项alone意为单独的。例句：No one knows why he is always alone．没有人知道为什么他总是一个人。
D项busy意为繁忙的。例句：It seems that she has a busy day today．好像她今天很忙。
很明显B项正确。
9．D【解析】题意：在营救出两名儿童之后，一年轻男子被欢呼拥立为英雄。
划线词hail的词义是“向……欢呼致贺”。
A项report意为报告。例句：It is reported that 20 people were killed in the accident．这次事故据说有20人死亡。
B项prove意为证明。例句：The facts proved her assumption wrong．事实证明她的设想是错的。
C项catch意为抓住。例句：I caught him peeping at my paper．他偷看我的论文让我当场抓住了。
D项praise意为称赞，表扬。例句：The teacher praised her for her courage．老师赞扬了她的勇气。
很明显D项正确。
10．A【解析】题意：他断言核能是一种安全而又无污染的能源。
划线词的词义为“主张，断言”。
A项maintain意为主张，强调。例句：He maintains that there are no short cuts to effective management．他断言，有效的管理没有捷径可走。
B项recommend意为推荐。例句：I recommended(you)meeting him first．我建议(你)先见见他。
C项consider意为考虑。例句：Please take time to consider the problem．请仔细考虑一下这个问题。
D项acknowledge意为承认。例句：He is unwilling to acknowledge defeat．他不愿认输。
很明显A项正确。
11．A【解析】题意：完全有可能以不同的方式来处理这个问题。
划线词的词义为“处理，对待”。
A项handle意为处理。例句：I was impressed by her handling of the affair．我觉得她对此事的处理很了不起。
B项raise意为抬起，提高。例句：I’m glad you raise that point．你把那一点指出来，我很高兴。
C项pose意为提出。例句：Allow me to pose several questions．允许我提出几个问题。
D项experience意为体验，经历。例句：I have experienced that the sunrise can be SO beautiful．我发现日出真美。
很明显A项正确。
12．C【解析】题意：该项研究还表明选开云kaiyun(中国)理科课程的大开云kaiyun(中国)生数量在持续下降。
划线词的词义是“稳定的，持续的”。
A项relative意为相关的。例句：The teacher asked me some questions relative to my paper．老师问了我一些和我的论文有关的问题。
B项general意为总的。例句：I get the general impression that they aren’t very happy．我对他们的总体印象是他们过得并不是很幸福。
C项continuous意为连续的。例句：The atmosphere is a continuous layer of gases．大气圈是连续的气体层。
D项sharp意思为急剧的。例句：The car turned sharp left．那部车向左急转弯。
很明显C项正确。
13．C【解析】题意：不知什么原因，这项简单的运动变得非常流行。
划线词obscure词义为“不清楚的，不明了的”。
A项obvious意为明显的。例句：It is obvious that she is very clever．很明显，她挺聪明。
B项major意为较大的，主要的。例句：The city holds the major portion of the population in the country．那个城市聚集了全国大部分人口。
C项unclear意为不清楚的。例句：Reason of the attack remains unclear．攻击的原因仍不清楚。
D项minor意为较小的，不重要的。例句：We can only make minor concessions，but it might
break the deadlock．我们只能做些较小的让步，但这就可能打破僵局。
很明显C项正确。
14．C【解析】题意：入侵的决定引起了*的风暴。
划线词provoke的词义为“引起，激发”。
A项ignore意为忽视。例句：If there’S one meal that is ignored nowadays，it is breakfast．如果有一顿饭被忽视的话，那就是早餐。
B项organize意为组织。例句：The meeting was badly organized．会议组织得很糟。
C项cause意为引起，使发生。例句：Many diseases are caused by bacteria．许多疾病是由细菌引起的。
D项receive意为收到。例句：He must start to question the received opinions．他必须开始质疑自己已经接受的观点。
很明显C项正确。
15．D【解析】题意：福雷斯特盯着他的车，气得发抖。
划线词的词义是“发抖，战栗”。
A项turn意为转动，例句：Turning to the left of me，I glimpsed the quays，the harbor．我把头转向左方，一眼望见了港口的码头。
B项jump意为跳跃，例句：Jumping and throwing have different competing arenas．跳跃和投掷项目的竞技场所不同。
C项shout意为呐喊，例句：He was slapped for his shouting．他因大喊大叫而受到斥责。
D项shake意为发抖，战栗，例句：His voice shook with fear．他害怕得声音发抖。
很明显D项正确。
第2 部分：阅读判断
16 、B 短文第一、二句已明确回答这个问题，病人需要stop的是 lying around，而不是 moving around。
17 、C 短文自始至终都没有提到引起头痛的原因是什么。
18 、A 第二段中间说到，缺乏运动就难以减少疼痛部位的压力，所以需要运动。
19 、B 第二段后一句说，研究者们目前正在寻找能够使身体中维持理想水平的内啡肽药物，因此它不可能是现在医生经常开给病人的药。
20 、A 第三段第二句说到，因为找出背痛的原因很困难，所以背痛病人终只能服用更大剂量或几种不同的药物。
21 、A 后一段列举了许多让病人进行身体活动的方法，并在后一句指出，这样治疗的病人要比传统治疗恢复得更快。
22 、B 第四段说到，他们只是在要求病人进行身体活动的基础上尽量减少服药，或者好避免服药，而没有要求病人完全停止服药。
第3 部分：概括大意与完成句子
23 、D 短文第三句就点出了本段的主题，并且对于我们为什么需要睡觉做出回答。
24 、E 本段的主题就在第二句，并且指出，究竟是当猫头鹰还是当云雀主要与生活方式、年龄和个性有关。
25 、C 本段首先对比了猫头鹰式和云雀式两种不同的生活方式，但孰优孰劣并不作比较，只 是提出“根据自己的T作、娱乐过着充实的生活井有充足的睡眠让你精力充沛才是关键"。
26 、A 后一段列举了一些需要注意的事物：午睡可视个人具体情况而定，避免摄人具有刺激性的物品如饮酒、抽烟、喝咖啡等。
27 、F 第一段第三句就说到“睡眠是为了让我们的大脑能够整理白天所记忆的东西”。
28 、D 第二段第三句说到，带着小孩的父母就容易成为早起者。
29 、A 第三段后一句的大意正是“过着健康的生活，让充足的睡眠为你带来充沛的精力”。
30 、B 短文后一句就说到，“对大多数人来说，我们的忠告就是不要在晚上喝咖啡”。
第4 部分：阅读理解
31 、C 本题的答题依据是文章开头的这句话：Everyone has imagination, but most of us, once we become adults, forget how to access it. 人人都有想象力，只是成年后，我们就忘了如 何取得想象力 （access it）。文章的目的就是教给成年人几种获得想象力的技巧，所以说成年人还是可以开云kaiyun(中国)会怎么样更加富有创意的。
32 、B 从第二段的这两句话 First, think about the problem you have to solve or the job you need to do. Then find an image, word, idea or object, for example, a candle. 可以找到答案。蜡 烛只是一个例子。
33 、A 第三段的第一句话 Imagine that normal limitations don't exist. You have as much time/space/ money, etc. as you want. 是本题的答题依据。
34 、B put yourself in their shoes 是英语的一个成语，相当于汉语的“设身处地”。
35 、C 第三种技巧就是Look at the situation from a different point of view. 作者举了谈判者和小说家为例。推销员如要成用这一技巧就应该把自己置于顾客的位置上，问一问他们的需要是什么。
36 、B 第一段第三句说到，“免疫系统的这些细胞来回传递信息就像蜂群围绕峰巢飞跑一样”。
37 、D 第二段中间说，“免疫细胞与身体其他细胞在自我耐受的状态下和平共处”。
38 、A 第二段的中后部说到，“抗原以其自身从表面突出来的复杂而有特色的形状表明自己是一种异体物”，免疫细胞自然很容易识别它们。
39 、B 第三段第一句说，“任何能够激起免疫反应的物质就称为抗原”。其他三个选项不是与短文所说不符就是短文没有提到。
40 、A 文章的题目是“免疫功能”。第二段第一句可以概括短文的中心思想，选项 A 正是该句的意思。
41 、A 从第一段的前半部我们就可以知道，全球之所以重视这个问题就是因为有可能面对 它束手无策——对它无药可治。
42 、D prudent 意为“谨慎的”，careful 意为 “小心的”，“小心”与“谨慎”自然是同一概念。
43 、A 本题答案存在于第二段第一句，该句正是选项 A 的内容。
44 、A 选项 B、C、D 的内容在第五段中都提及，只有选项 A 的内容(“不许医院储存超过医院使用量的抗生素”)文章中并未提到。
45 、B 通读全篇短文以后我们知道，目前人类还没有找到解决这个问题的办法，所以还需继续研究。其他三个选项短文均未提到。
第5 部分：补全短文
46 、D 这里填入的内容：The term comes from the activity of the ice age. 是对上一句中出现 的 drowned coastline 这一名称由来的解释。
47 、B 前面一句话：The highest parts of the former mountain range，nearest the shore, remained as islands. 说了先前靠海岸的山脉的顶部变成了岛屿，下面一句很自然就说：Mt. Desert Island is one of the most famous of all the islands left behind by the glacier.
48 、F 前面一句话是：Mt. Desert was essentially formed as two distinct islands. 下面一句便解释它是怎么形成两个岛屿的：It is split almost in half by Somes Sound, a deep and narrow Stretch of water, seven miles long.
49 、A 前面一句介绍了 Mt. Desert Island 所处的地理位置和它为动植物提供的生存条件，下面一句再解释它还是一条鸟类移居的主要通道和许多鸟类的栖身之地。
50 、E This mountain回指前面的 Cadillac Mountain. 句子对它的高度做了描述。
第6 部分：完形填空
51 、B 四个选项中只有选择 B 项意思才能说得通。
52 、D 四个选项中只有 D 项从语法上和意思上适合填在这里。B 项、C 项虽有“保持”的意思，但都是及物动词，A 项虽可当不及物动词使用，但意思不对。
53 、B 前面提到南欧和东欧，而后面的希腊、波兰和乌克兰就属于南欧和东欧，显然这里是要强调这三个国家。如果选择 C 项则似乎只、涉及这三个国家，从上下文分析并不是这种情况。
54 、B 答题时要注意与此空白处并列的另一个表语 widespread，它提示了答题者必须选择active。
55 、B 从语法上分析，这里应是一个插入语；从上下文意思分析，应该是带有转折的意思，however 正可以完成这个功能。
56 、D 从语法上分析，这里又是一个插入语，应该是起着补充作用的意思，因此选择 D 项 恰当，其他选项都不符合上下文的意思。
57 、C 首先要注意介词后面的宾话是 coast，它提示了选择 along 比较恰当。
58 、A 从上下文意思看，只能选择suggest 才恰当，因为这里的 suggest 并不是“提议、建 议”的意思，而是“暗示、表明”的意思，其他三个选项都没有这个词义。
59 、D 本空白处的前后是 “已经渡过了传染的……期”，显然应该选择peak 才恰当，其他选项在这里都说不通。
60 、A 由于空白处后面有 to baseline levels，而 baseline levels 肯定是原来就存在的，所以选择 returned 恰当。
61 、A 答题时要注意 but 这个词的提示作用，前面说 remains active，那 but 后面的意思一定与之相反，故应该选择 declining。
62 、C 空白处后面的 one month ago 提示了选择 over 比较恰当，这里的 over 是 “more than”的意思，整个短语作时间状语，意为“一个多月前”。
63 、D 2009 年的流感传播几乎是全球性的，北美也不例外，因此，从上下文看还是 remains恰当。如果选择 becomes，似乎原来就不是 widespread，不合适。
64 、D 显然，四个选项中只有 activity 可以填在这里，其他三个选项都无法与前后的词搭配。
65 、A 空白处前面说，大部分地区已经下降或维持不变，那么后面少数国家的增加一定是 例外，因此选择 except 与 for 搭配，正好表示“除了……外”的意思。
下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义为接近的选项。
1．1 wanted to ask her out but was scared that she might refuse．
A．afraid
B．anxious
C．sure
D．sad
2．She always finds fault with everything
A．simplifies
B．criticizes
C．evaluates
D．examines
3．At that time，we did not fully grasp the significance of what had happened．
A．give
B．attach
C．lose
D．understand
4．I got a note from Moira urging me to get in touch．
A．instructing
B．pushing
C．notifying
D．inviting
5．Jane said that she couldn’t tolerate the long hours．
A．stand
B．spend
C．take
D．1ast
6．The sea turtle’s natural habitat has been considerably reduced．
A．suddenly
B．greatly
C．generally
D．slightly
7．Anderson left the table，remarking that he had some work to do．
A．saying
B．doubting
C．thinking
D．knowing
8．At 80，Peck was still vigorous and living in Paris．
A．happy
B．energetic
C．alone
D．busv
9．A young man is being hailed a hero tonight after rescuing two children．
A．reported
B．proved
C．caught
D．praised
10．He asserted that nuclear power was a safe and non—polluting energy source．
A．maintained
B．recommended
C．considered
D．acknowledged
11．It is possible to approach the problem in a different way．
A．handle
B．raise
C．pose
D．experience
12．The study also notes a steady decline in the number of college students taking science courses．
A．relative
B．general
C．continuous
D．shard
13．For some obscure reason，the simple game is becoming very popular．
A．obvious
B．major
C．unclear
D．minor
14．The decision to invade provoked storms of protest．
A．ignored
B．organized
C．caused
D．received
15．Forester stared at his car，trembling with rage．
A．turning
B．jumping
C．shouting
D．shaking
第2部分：阅读判断(第16～22题，每题1分，共7分)
下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
Relieving the Pain
"Exercise may be the best treatment of chronic pain," say doctors at a new clinic for dealing with pain. "People with chronic pain need to stop lying around, go out more, and start exercising."The instinctive reaction to acute pain is to stop moving and to try to protect the source of pain. But it seems that this is often not productive, especially in the case of back pain. Back pain, after headaches and tiredness, has become the third most common reason for people to visit their doctors. Painful backs now account for millions of days off work.
Lumber (腰部的)pains are partly the price humans pay for taking their forelimbs off the ground, but they are made worse by a sedentary(久坐不动的) lifestyle. Lack of exercise slowly decreases the flexibility and strength of muscles, so that it is more difficult to take pressure off the site of pain. Exercise is essential. It releases endorphins(内啡肽) , the body's "feel-good" chemicals, which are natural painkillers. In fact, these are so important that researchers are now looking for drugs that can maintain a comfortable level of endorphins in the body.
Most people who go to a family doctor complaining of pain are prescribed pain-killing drugs rather than exercise. Since finding the cause of backache is not so easy, doctors frequently do not know the precise cause of the discomfort, and as the pain continues, sufferers end up taking stronger doses or series of different drugs. "It's crazy," says Dr. Brasseur, a therapist at the International Association for the Study of Pain. "Some of them are taking different drugs prescribed by different doctors. I've just seen a patient who was taking two drugs which turned out to be the same thing under different names."
A generation of new pain clinics now operates on the basis that drugs are best avoided. Once patients have undergone the initial physical and psychological check up, their medication is cut down as much as possible. Taking patients off drugs also prepares them for physical activity.
In some pain-relief clinics, patients begin the day with muscle contraction and relaxation exercise, followed by an hour on exercise bikes. Later in the day, they practice t'ai chi(太极) self-defense, and deep thought. This compares with an average of two-and-a half hours physiotherapy(理疗) a week in a traditional hospital program. "The idea is to strengthen and to increase long-lasting energy, flexibility, and confidence," explains Bill Wiles, a consultant pain doctor in Liverpool. "Patients undergoing this therapy get back to work and resume healthy active lifestyles much sooner that those subjected to more conservative treatment."
16 To treat pain, patients should stop moving around.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
17 Headaches are partly caused by lack of exercise.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
18 Exercise helps to take the pressure off the site of pain.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
19 Doctors often use drugs such as endorphins to treat patients.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
20 Backache sufferers often end up taking more than one drug to kill pain.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
21 Exercises helps pain sufferers to recover more quickly than traditional treatment.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
22 New pain clinics ask patients to give up drugs completely.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23～30题，每题1分，共8分)
下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2-5段每段选择1个佳标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个佳选项。
Owls and Larks(猫头鹰与云雀)
1 In this article, we look at the importance of sleep for learning. Most healthy adults need eight or more hours of sleep. But why do we need sleep in the first place? We need sleep for the brain to get a chance to rebuild memories stored during the day and associate these with previously learned things. If this process is interrupted by, say, the sound of an alarm clock, it may not be as effective. So if your sleep is cut short by the alarm clock, how damaging is it? The truth is that it's difficult to predict, as so much depends on how much sleep your body actually needs on that particular occasion.
2 The popular belief that people are naturally either larks (early risers) or owls is false. The reason why people tend to be one or the other has more to do with lifestyle, age, and personality. Many people who appear to be early birds may have just become so through habit, for example, parents with very young children. Teenagers can have difficulty falling asleep until late at night and then they naturally have problems getting up the following morning.
3 The main reason why owls are owls is that they tend to spend their time over a book, movie, or computer game till the early hours of the morning. They enjoy the quiet of the night when they can pursue their passion. On the other hand, larks can make better use of early morning hours where they can study in quiet at the time when their brains are most refreshed. So which is better for learning-an owl's or a lark's lifestyle? The simple truth is that it is more complex than simply being one or the other. Leading a well-balanced life in terms of work and play and sleeping enough to bring maximum refreshment is probably the secret.
4 As for naps, experts on insomnia(失眠)argue against taking naps, as these may keep people up at night. If your nap lasts only five minutes to half an hour and does not affect your ability to fall asleep in the night, it will probably help you be more alert in evening hours. However, if you are having problems getting to sleep at night, it's not only naps that you should avoid. Try not to drink a lot of alcohol, take nicotine(尼古丁), do mentally intense activities like preparing for exams or doing exercise in the evening. Some people swear that drinking coffee never stops them from sleeping like a log, whereas others will never go near the stuff for fear of being awake all night. However, the best advice for most is to avoid it in the evening, and if you drink coffee before a nap, remember you are likely to awaken as soon as the caffeine starts kicking in.
23 Paragraph 1 _________
24 Paragraph 2 _________
25 Paragraph 3 _________
26 Paragraph 4 _________
A What should we avoid?
B How much sleep do we need?
C Which is better, being an owl or a lark?
D Why do we need sleep?
E What makes people owls or larks?
F What helps us fall asleep?
27 Sleep helps brain to _________.
28 Parents with very young children tend to _________
29 A good lifestyle means one can _________.
30 It is good advice for most people to _________.
A sleep enough to bring most refreshment
B keep away from coffee in the evening
C stay up till the early hours of the morning
D get up quite early
E store memories in the brain
F rebuild memories stored during the day
第4部分：阅读理解(第3l～45题，每题3分，共45分)
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容,为每题确定1个佳选项。
第一篇 Cell Phones: Hang Up or Keep Talking?
Millions of people are using cell phones today. In many places it is actually considered unusual not to use one. In many countries, cell phones are very popular with young people. They find that the phones are more than a means of communication-having a mobile phone shows that they are cool and connected.
The explosions around the world in mobile phone use make some health professional worried. Some doctors are concerned that in the future many people may suffer health problems from the use of mobile phones. In England, there has been a serious debate about this issue. Mobile phone companies are worried about the negative publicity of such ideas. They say that there is no proof that mobile phones are bad for your health.
On the other hand, why do some medical studies show changes in the brain cells of some people who use mobile phones? Signs of change in the issues of the brain and head can be detected with modern scanning (扫描) equipment. In one case, a traveling salesman had to retire at a young age because of serious memory loss. He couldn't remember even simple tasks. He would often forget the name of his own son. This man used to talk on his mobile phone for about six hours a day, every day of his working week, for a couple of years. His family doctor blamed his mobile phone use, but his employer's doctor didn't agree.
What is it that makes mobile phones potentially harmful? The answer is radiation. High-tech machines can detect very small amounts of radiation from mobile phones. Mobile phone companies agree that there is some radiation, but they say the amount is too small to worry about.
As the discussion about their safety continues, it appears that it's best to use mobile phones less often. Use your regular phone if you want to talk for a long time. Use your mobile phone only when you really need it. Mobile phones can be very useful and convenient, especially in emergencies. In the future, mobile phones may have a warning label that says they are bad for your health. So for now, it's wise not to use your mobile phone too often
31 People buy cell phones for the following reasons EXCEPT that
A they're popular
B they're useful
C they're convenient
D they're cheap
32 The world "detected" in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by
A cured
B removed
C discovered
D caused
33 The salesman retired young because
A he couldn't remember simple tasks
B he disliked using mobile phones
C he was tired of talking on his mobile phone
D his employer's doctor persuaded him to
34. On the safety issue of mobile phones, the manufacturing companies
A hold that the amount of radiation is too small to worry about
B deny the existence of mobile phone radiation
C develop new technology to reduce mobile phone radiation
D try to prove that mobile phones are not harmful to health
35 The writer's purpose of writing this article is to advise people
A to buy mobile phones
B to use mobile phones less often
C to update regular phones
D to stop using mobile phones
第二篇 Immune Functions
The immune system is equal in complexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system. The success of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory communication network consulting of millions and millions of cells. Organized into sets and subsets, these cells pass information back and forth like clouds of bees flying around a hive(蜂巢). The result is a sensitive system of checks and balances that produces an immune response that is prompt, appropriate, effective, and self-omitting.
At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and nonself. When immune defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign of nonself molecules, the immune troops move quickly to eliminate the intruders (入侵者). Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as self. The body's immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self-marker. Rather, immune cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in a state known as self-tolerance. When a normally functioning immune system attacks a nonself molecule, the system has the ability to "remember" the specifics of the foreign body. Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules, the immune system reacts accordingly. With the possible exception of antibodies(抗体)passed during lactation(授乳期), this so called immune system memory is not inherited. Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family, your immune system must "learn" from experience with the many millions of distinctive nonself molecules in the sea of microbes (微生物) in which we live, learning necessitates producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match up with and counteract each nonself invader.
Any substance capable of stimulating an immune response is called an antigen (抗原). Antigens are not to be confused with allergens (过敏原)，which are most often harmless substances that provoke the immune system to set off the inappropriate and harmful response known as allergy. An antigen can be a virus, a bacterium, or even a portion or product of one of these organisms. Tissues or cells from another individual (except an identical win, whose cells carry identical self makers act as antigens; because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign, it rejects them. The body will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first broken down by the digestive system into their primary, nonantigenic building blocks. An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and characteristic shapes called epitopes (抗原表位), which protrude (突出) from its surface. Most antigens, even the simplest microbes, carry several different kinds of epitomes on their surface, some may even carry several hundred. Some epitomes will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response. Only in abnormal situations does the immune system wrongly identify self as nonself and execute a misdirected immune attack.
36 What is used to describe the communication network consisting of cells in the immune system?
A The immune system's memory.
B Bees flying around a hive.
C Immune troops eliminating intruders.
D A sea of microbes.
37 The immune cells and other cells in the body coexist peaceably in a state known as
A balance.
B harmony.
C tolerance.
D self-tolerance.
38 How do the immune cells recognize an antigen as "foreign" or "nonself"?
A Through characteristic shapes on the antigen surface.
B Through an allergic response.
C Through blood type.
D Through fine hairs protruding from the antigen surface.
39 Which of the following statements is true?
A Allergens are usually harmful substances.
B Antigens can trigger an immune response.
C People with antigens do not suffer from obvious responses.
D There is no difference between an antigen and an allergen.
40 Which of the following best expresses the main idea of this passage?
A The basic function of the immune system is to distinguish between self and nonself.
B An antigen is any substance that triggers an immune response.
C One of the immune system's primary functions is the allergic response.
D The human body is an appropriate habitat for microbes.
第三篇 Be Alert to Antimicrobial（抗微生物的）Resistance
The ability of micro-organisms to find ways to evade the action of the drugs used to cure the infections they cause is increasingly recognized as a global public health issue. Some bacteria have developed mechanisms which make them resistant to many of the antibiotics (抗生素) normally used for their treatment (multi-drug resistant bacteria), so pose particular difficulties, as there may be few or no alternative options for therapy. They constitute a growing and global public health problem. WHO suggests that countries should be prepared to implement hospital infection control measures to limit the spread of multi-drug resistant strains (菌株) and to reinforce national policy on prudent use of antibiotics, reducing the generation of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
An article published in 7"he Lancet Infectious Diseases on 11 August 2010 identified a new gene that enables some types of bacteria to be highly resistant to almost/all antibiotics. The article has drawn attention to the issue of AMR3 (antimicrobial resistance), and, in particular, has raised awareness of infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria.
While multi-drug resistant bacteria are not new and will continue to appear, this development requires monitoring and further study to understand the extent and modes of transmission, and to define the most effective measures for control.
Those called upon to be alert to the problem of antimicrobial resistance and take appropriate action include consumers, managers of hospitals, patients, as well as national governments, the pharmaceutical (制药的) industry, and international agencies.
WHO strongly recommends that governments focus control and prevention efforts in the following areas like surveillance for antimicrobial resistance; rational antibiotic use, including education of healthcare workers and the public in the appropriate use of antibiotics; introducing or enforcing legislation related to stopping the selling of antibiotics without prescription; and strict adherence to infection prevention and control measures, including the use of hand-washing measures, particularly in healthcare facilities.
Successful control of multidrug-resistant microorganisms has been documented in many countries, and the existing and well-known infection prevention and control measures can effectively reduce- transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms if systematically implemented.
WHO will continue to support countries to develop relevant policies, and to coordinate international efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance will be the theme of WHO's World Health Day 2011.
41 Antimicrobial residence has become a global public health issue because
A there may be few or no treatment to infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria.
B new antibiotics are too expensive for poor countries.
C infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria have killed a lot of people.
D scientists know nothing about multi-drug resistant bacteria.
42 The word "prudent" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
A unwise.
B wasteful.
C widespread.
D careful.
43 The article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases found that
A some bacteria have developed a new gene to resist almost all antibiotics.
B a new multi-drug resistant bacterium has appeared.
C some infections are caused by antibiotics.
D some countries are successful in controlling multi-drug resistant microorganisms.
44 WHO recommends governments to focus on the following areas EXCEPT
A keeping hospitals from storing more antibiotics than they can use.
B education on the use of antibiotics.
C control of antibiotic use.
D introduction of new regulations on the sale of antibiotics.
45 We learn from the passage that
A antimicrobial resistance was not noticed until 2010.
B further study is needed to deal with the transmission of multi-drug resistant bacteria.
C without WHO, no country will be safer in the war against antimicrobial resistance.
D WHO will focus its prevention and control efforts in poor countries.
第5 部分：补全短文（第46-50 题，每题2 分，共10 分）
下面的短文有5 处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。
Mt. Desert Island
The coast of the State of Maine is one of the most irregular in the world. A straight line running from the southernmost coastal city to the northernmost coastal city would measure about 225 miles. If you followed the coastline between these points, you would travel more than ten times as far. This irregularity is the result of what is called a drowned coastline.____(46) At that time, the whole area that is now Maine was part of a mountain range that towered above the sea. As the glacier (冰川)descended, however, it expended enormous force on those mountains, and they sank into the sea.
As the mountains sank, ocean water charged over the lowest parts of the remaining land, forming a series of twisting inlets and lagoons (咸水湖).The highest parts of the former mountain range, nearest the shore, remained as islands. ____(47) Marine fossils found here 225 feet above sea level, indicating the level of the shoreline prior to the glacier.
The 2,500-mile-long rocky coastline of Maine keeps watch over nearly two thousand islands. Many of these islands are tiny and uninhabited, but many are home to thriving communities. Mt. Desert Island is one of the largest, most beautiful of the Maine coast islands. Measuring 16 miles by 12 miles, Mt. Desert was essentially formed as two distinct islands.____(48)
For years, Mt. Desert Island, particularly its major settlement, Bar Harbor, afforded summer homes for the wealthy. Recently though, Bar Harbor has become a rapidly growing arts community as well. But the best part of the island is the unspoiled forest land known as Acadia National Park. Because the island sits on the boundary line between the temperate (温带) and sub-Arctic zones, the island supports the plants and animals of both zones as well as beach, inland, and alpine (高山的) plants.____(49) The establishment of Acadia National Park in 1916 means that this natural reserve will be perpetually available to all people, not just the wealthy. Visitors to Acadia may receive nature instruction from the park naturalists as well as enjoy camping, cycling, and boating. Or they may choose to spend time at the archeological museum, learning about the Stone Age inhabitants of the island.
The best view on Mt. Desert island is from the top of Cadillac Mountain.___(50)From the summit, you can gaze back toward the mainland or out over the Atlantic Ocean and contemplate the beauty created by retreating glacier.
A It also lies in a major bird migration lane and is a resting spot for many birds.
B Mt. Desert Island is one of the most famous of all of the islands left behind by the glacier.
C The wealthy residents of Mt. Desert Island selfishly kept it to themselves.
D The term comes from the activity of the ice age.
E This mountain rises 1,532 feet, making it the highest mountain on the Atlantic seashore.
F It is split almost in half by Somes Sound, a deep and narrow stretch of water seven miles long.
第6部分：完形填空(第51～65题，每题1分，共15分)
下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个佳选项。
Pandemic (大面积流行的) H1N1 2009
The most active areas of pandemic influenza transmission currently are in central and eastern Europe. Focal(集中的) increases in rates during recent weeks were ______(51) in at least two eastern European countries. A high intensity of respiratory(呼吸道) diseases activity with concurrent(同时存在的) circulation of pandemic influenza still ______ (52) in parts of southern and eastern Europe, ______(53) in Greece, Poland, and Ukraine.
In Western Europe, influenza transmission remains ______(54) active and widespread, but overall disease activity has peaked. All influenza viruses in Western Europe were pandemic H1N1 2009, ______(55), very small numbers of seasonal influenza viruses, covering less than 1% of all influenza viruses found, were reported in Russia. In ______(56), limited available data indicate that active, high intensity transmission is occurring in Northern African countries ______(57) the Mediterranean coast.
In Central Asia, limited data ______(58) that influenza virus circulation remains active, but transmission may have recently peaked in some places. In West Asia, Israel, Iran, and Iraq also appear to have passed their ______(59) period of transmission within the past month, though both areas continue to have some active transmission and levels of respiratory disease activity have not yet ______(60) to baseline levels. In East Asia, influenza transmission remains active but appears to be ______(61) overall. Slight increases in ILI were reported in Mongolia after weeks of declining activity following a large peak of activity ______(62) one month ago.
In North America, influenza transmission ______(63) widespread but has declined quickly in all countries. In the tropical regions of Central and South America and the Caribbean, influenza transmission remains geographically widespread but overall disease ______(64) has been declining or remains unchanged in most parts, ______(65) for focal increases in respiratory disease activity in a few countries.
51. A expected B reported C marked D caused
52. A plays B keeps C maintains D exists
53. A usually B particularly C exactly D completely
54. A inactive B active C faithful D unaffected
55. A yet B however C still D until
56. A fact B general C total D addition
57. A beside B at C along D around
58. A suggest B advise C propose D recommend
59. A brief B late C long D peak
60. A returned B led C brought D turned
61. A declining B rising C balancing D jumping
62. A above B from C over D since
63. A seems B expands C becomes D remains
64. A picture B performance C quality D activity
65. A except B as C all D and
2011年全国职称英语考试真题答案卫生类（A级）
第一部分：词汇选项
1．A【解析】题意：我想约她出来但是害怕她有可能拒绝。
划线词scared意思是“吃惊的、害怕的”。
A项afraid担心，害怕。例句：I’m afraid that I will be late．我担心我要迟到了。
B项anxious忧虑。例句：I’m very anxious about the speech contest．我对此次演讲比赛十分忧虑。
C项sure肯定。例句：I think you are not quite sure about it．我认为，你们对这一点并不能完全肯定。
D项sad悲伤。例句：Her eyes moistened as she listened to the sad story．听着这悲伤的故事，她的眼睛湿润了。
很明显A项正确。
2．B【解析】题意：她总是事事加以非难(挑剔)。
划线部分find fault with即可。fault的意思是“挑剔，找毛病，批评”。
A项simplify简化。例句：That will simplify my task．那可简化了我的工作。
B项criticize批评。例句：You should not criticize him so harshly in his face．你不应该当面这么严厉地批评他。
C项evaluate评价。例句：Let’s evaluate the evidence．让我们评定一下此证据的价值。
D项examine调查，考试。例句：It is necessary to examine how the proposals can be carried out．有必要调查一下怎样才能实施这些方案。
很明显B项正确。
3．D【解析】题意：当时，我们没有理解所发生事情的重要性。
划线词grasp的意思是“领会，理解”。
A项give意为给。例句：Have you given the waiter a tip?你给侍者小费了吗?
B项attach意为附上，加上。例句：I attach a copy of my notes for your information．
我附上笔记一份供你参考。
C项lose意为丢失，丧失。例句：I lost my wallet yesterday．我昨天丢了钱包。
D项understand意为理解，领悟。例句：I don’t understand what you’re talking about．我不明白你在说什么。
很明显D项正确。
4．B【解析】题意：我从Moira那里得到一张便条，催促我尽快联系。
划线词urge的词义为“催促”。
A项instruct意为教导，指示。例句：His uncle instructed him in French．他的叔叔教他法语。
B项push意为催促。例句：You’d better not push me for an answer to your request．你好不要催促我答复你的请求。
C项notify意为宣告，通知。例句：Please notify us of any change of address．地址如有变动，请通知我们。
D项invite意为邀请。例句：She showed me her gratitude by inviting me to dinner．她邀请我吃晚饭以表示感谢。
很明显B项正确。
5．A【解析】题意：简说她无法忍受这么长时间。
划线词tolerate的词义是“容忍”。
A项stand意为站立，忍受。例句：I don’t think the chair is firm enough to stand on．我觉得这椅子不够稳固，不能站人。
B项spend意为花费。例句：You really shouldn’t spend so much effort on it．你真不该在这件事上花费这么大的精力。
C项take意为拿，取。例句：Please take the trash to the garbage carl．请将垃圾扔到垃圾筒里去。
D项last意为持续。例句：The hot weather lasted until September．炎热的天气持续到九月。
很明显A项正确。
6．B【解析】题意：海龟的自然生存环境大大的恶化了。
划线词的意思为“相当大的”。
A项suddenly意为突然地。例句：Suddenly he began to shriek loudly．突然他开始大声尖叫起来。
B项greatly意为大大地。例句：His writing has improved greatly in this semester．这开云kaiyun(中国)期他的写作有了很大进步。
C项generally意为一般地。例句：Generally speaking，this is impossible．一般来说，这是不可能的。
D项slightly意为轻微地。例句：He is slightly drunk．他有些醉了。
很明显B项正确。
7．A【解析】题意：安德森离开了桌子，同时说道他有些工作要去做。
划线词remark的意思是“说，讲”。
A项say意为说。例句：Be quiet，I’ve something to say to you．安静，我有话要对你们讲。
B项doubt意为怀疑。例句：I doubt the truth of it．我怀疑此事的真实程度。
C项think意为想。例句：Independent thinking is an absolute necessity．独立思考是绝对必要的。
D项know意为知道。例句：There’s no knowing what they will d0．没法知道他们会做些什么。
很明显A项是正确选项。
8．B【解析】题意：佩克八十岁时仍然精力旺盛地生活在巴黎。
划线词的词义为“精力旺盛的”。
A项happy意为幸福的。例句：The old couple have a happy life．那对老夫妇过着幸福的生活。
B项energetic意为精力旺盛的。例句：His son is an energetic child．他的儿子是个精力旺盛的孩子。
C项alone意为单独的。例句：No one knows why he is always alone．没有人知道为什么他总是一个人。
D项busy意为繁忙的。例句：It seems that she has a busy day today．好像她今天很忙。
很明显B项正确。
9．D【解析】题意：在营救出两名儿童之后，一年轻男子被欢呼拥立为英雄。
划线词hail的词义是“向……欢呼致贺”。
A项report意为报告。例句：It is reported that 20 people were killed in the accident．这次事故据说有20人死亡。
B项prove意为证明。例句：The facts proved her assumption wrong．事实证明她的设想是错的。
C项catch意为抓住。例句：I caught him peeping at my paper．他偷看我的论文让我当场抓住了。
D项praise意为称赞，表扬。例句：The teacher praised her for her courage．老师赞扬了她的勇气。
很明显D项正确。
10．A【解析】题意：他断言核能是一种安全而又无污染的能源。
划线词的词义为“主张，断言”。
A项maintain意为主张，强调。例句：He maintains that there are no short cuts to effective management．他断言，有效的管理没有捷径可走。
B项recommend意为推荐。例句：I recommended(you)meeting him first．我建议(你)先见见他。
C项consider意为考虑。例句：Please take time to consider the problem．请仔细考虑一下这个问题。
D项acknowledge意为承认。例句：He is unwilling to acknowledge defeat．他不愿认输。
很明显A项正确。
11．A【解析】题意：完全有可能以不同的方式来处理这个问题。
划线词的词义为“处理，对待”。
A项handle意为处理。例句：I was impressed by her handling of the affair．我觉得她对此事的处理很了不起。
B项raise意为抬起，提高。例句：I’m glad you raise that point．你把那一点指出来，我很高兴。
C项pose意为提出。例句：Allow me to pose several questions．允许我提出几个问题。
D项experience意为体验，经历。例句：I have experienced that the sunrise can be SO beautiful．我发现日出真美。
很明显A项正确。
12．C【解析】题意：该项研究还表明选开云kaiyun(中国)理科课程的大开云kaiyun(中国)生数量在持续下降。
划线词的词义是“稳定的，持续的”。
A项relative意为相关的。例句：The teacher asked me some questions relative to my paper．老师问了我一些和我的论文有关的问题。
B项general意为总的。例句：I get the general impression that they aren’t very happy．我对他们的总体印象是他们过得并不是很幸福。
C项continuous意为连续的。例句：The atmosphere is a continuous layer of gases．大气圈是连续的气体层。
D项sharp意思为急剧的。例句：The car turned sharp left．那部车向左急转弯。
很明显C项正确。
13．C【解析】题意：不知什么原因，这项简单的运动变得非常流行。
划线词obscure词义为“不清楚的，不明了的”。
A项obvious意为明显的。例句：It is obvious that she is very clever．很明显，她挺聪明。
B项major意为较大的，主要的。例句：The city holds the major portion of the population in the country．那个城市聚集了全国大部分人口。
C项unclear意为不清楚的。例句：Reason of the attack remains unclear．攻击的原因仍不清楚。
D项minor意为较小的，不重要的。例句：We can only make minor concessions，but it might
break the deadlock．我们只能做些较小的让步，但这就可能打破僵局。
很明显C项正确。
14．C【解析】题意：入侵的决定引起了*的风暴。
划线词provoke的词义为“引起，激发”。
A项ignore意为忽视。例句：If there’S one meal that is ignored nowadays，it is breakfast．如果有一顿饭被忽视的话，那就是早餐。
B项organize意为组织。例句：The meeting was badly organized．会议组织得很糟。
C项cause意为引起，使发生。例句：Many diseases are caused by bacteria．许多疾病是由细菌引起的。
D项receive意为收到。例句：He must start to question the received opinions．他必须开始质疑自己已经接受的观点。
很明显C项正确。
15．D【解析】题意：福雷斯特盯着他的车，气得发抖。
划线词的词义是“发抖，战栗”。
A项turn意为转动，例句：Turning to the left of me，I glimpsed the quays，the harbor．我把头转向左方，一眼望见了港口的码头。
B项jump意为跳跃，例句：Jumping and throwing have different competing arenas．跳跃和投掷项目的竞技场所不同。
C项shout意为呐喊，例句：He was slapped for his shouting．他因大喊大叫而受到斥责。
D项shake意为发抖，战栗，例句：His voice shook with fear．他害怕得声音发抖。
很明显D项正确。
第2 部分：阅读判断
16 、B 短文第一、二句已明确回答这个问题，病人需要stop的是 lying around，而不是 moving around。
17 、C 短文自始至终都没有提到引起头痛的原因是什么。
18 、A 第二段中间说到，缺乏运动就难以减少疼痛部位的压力，所以需要运动。
19 、B 第二段后一句说，研究者们目前正在寻找能够使身体中维持理想水平的内啡肽药物，因此它不可能是现在医生经常开给病人的药。
20 、A 第三段第二句说到，因为找出背痛的原因很困难，所以背痛病人终只能服用更大剂量或几种不同的药物。
21 、A 后一段列举了许多让病人进行身体活动的方法，并在后一句指出，这样治疗的病人要比传统治疗恢复得更快。
22 、B 第四段说到，他们只是在要求病人进行身体活动的基础上尽量减少服药，或者好避免服药，而没有要求病人完全停止服药。
第3 部分：概括大意与完成句子
23 、D 短文第三句就点出了本段的主题，并且对于我们为什么需要睡觉做出回答。
24 、E 本段的主题就在第二句，并且指出，究竟是当猫头鹰还是当云雀主要与生活方式、年龄和个性有关。
25 、C 本段首先对比了猫头鹰式和云雀式两种不同的生活方式，但孰优孰劣并不作比较，只 是提出“根据自己的T作、娱乐过着充实的生活井有充足的睡眠让你精力充沛才是关键"。
26 、A 后一段列举了一些需要注意的事物：午睡可视个人具体情况而定，避免摄人具有刺激性的物品如饮酒、抽烟、喝咖啡等。
27 、F 第一段第三句就说到“睡眠是为了让我们的大脑能够整理白天所记忆的东西”。
28 、D 第二段第三句说到，带着小孩的父母就容易成为早起者。
29 、A 第三段后一句的大意正是“过着健康的生活，让充足的睡眠为你带来充沛的精力”。
30 、B 短文后一句就说到，“对大多数人来说，我们的忠告就是不要在晚上喝咖啡”。
第4 部分：阅读理解
31 、C 本题的答题依据是文章开头的这句话：Everyone has imagination, but most of us, once we become adults, forget how to access it. 人人都有想象力，只是成年后，我们就忘了如 何取得想象力 （access it）。文章的目的就是教给成年人几种获得想象力的技巧，所以说成年人还是可以开云kaiyun(中国)会怎么样更加富有创意的。
32 、B 从第二段的这两句话 First, think about the problem you have to solve or the job you need to do. Then find an image, word, idea or object, for example, a candle. 可以找到答案。蜡 烛只是一个例子。
33 、A 第三段的第一句话 Imagine that normal limitations don't exist. You have as much time/space/ money, etc. as you want. 是本题的答题依据。
34 、B put yourself in their shoes 是英语的一个成语，相当于汉语的“设身处地”。
35 、C 第三种技巧就是Look at the situation from a different point of view. 作者举了谈判者和小说家为例。推销员如要成用这一技巧就应该把自己置于顾客的位置上，问一问他们的需要是什么。
36 、B 第一段第三句说到，“免疫系统的这些细胞来回传递信息就像蜂群围绕峰巢飞跑一样”。
37 、D 第二段中间说，“免疫细胞与身体其他细胞在自我耐受的状态下和平共处”。
38 、A 第二段的中后部说到，“抗原以其自身从表面突出来的复杂而有特色的形状表明自己是一种异体物”，免疫细胞自然很容易识别它们。
39 、B 第三段第一句说，“任何能够激起免疫反应的物质就称为抗原”。其他三个选项不是与短文所说不符就是短文没有提到。
40 、A 文章的题目是“免疫功能”。第二段第一句可以概括短文的中心思想，选项 A 正是该句的意思。
41 、A 从第一段的前半部我们就可以知道，全球之所以重视这个问题就是因为有可能面对 它束手无策——对它无药可治。
42 、D prudent 意为“谨慎的”，careful 意为 “小心的”，“小心”与“谨慎”自然是同一概念。
43 、A 本题答案存在于第二段第一句，该句正是选项 A 的内容。
44 、A 选项 B、C、D 的内容在第五段中都提及，只有选项 A 的内容(“不许医院储存超过医院使用量的抗生素”)文章中并未提到。
45 、B 通读全篇短文以后我们知道，目前人类还没有找到解决这个问题的办法，所以还需继续研究。其他三个选项短文均未提到。
第5 部分：补全短文
46 、D 这里填入的内容：The term comes from the activity of the ice age. 是对上一句中出现 的 drowned coastline 这一名称由来的解释。
47 、B 前面一句话：The highest parts of the former mountain range，nearest the shore, remained as islands. 说了先前靠海岸的山脉的顶部变成了岛屿，下面一句很自然就说：Mt. Desert Island is one of the most famous of all the islands left behind by the glacier.
48 、F 前面一句话是：Mt. Desert was essentially formed as two distinct islands. 下面一句便解释它是怎么形成两个岛屿的：It is split almost in half by Somes Sound, a deep and narrow Stretch of water, seven miles long.
49 、A 前面一句介绍了 Mt. Desert Island 所处的地理位置和它为动植物提供的生存条件，下面一句再解释它还是一条鸟类移居的主要通道和许多鸟类的栖身之地。
50 、E This mountain回指前面的 Cadillac Mountain. 句子对它的高度做了描述。
第6 部分：完形填空
51 、B 四个选项中只有选择 B 项意思才能说得通。
52 、D 四个选项中只有 D 项从语法上和意思上适合填在这里。B 项、C 项虽有“保持”的意思，但都是及物动词，A 项虽可当不及物动词使用，但意思不对。
53 、B 前面提到南欧和东欧，而后面的希腊、波兰和乌克兰就属于南欧和东欧，显然这里是要强调这三个国家。如果选择 C 项则似乎只、涉及这三个国家，从上下文分析并不是这种情况。
54 、B 答题时要注意与此空白处并列的另一个表语 widespread，它提示了答题者必须选择active。
55 、B 从语法上分析，这里应是一个插入语；从上下文意思分析，应该是带有转折的意思，however 正可以完成这个功能。
56 、D 从语法上分析，这里又是一个插入语，应该是起着补充作用的意思，因此选择 D 项 恰当，其他选项都不符合上下文的意思。
57 、C 首先要注意介词后面的宾话是 coast，它提示了选择 along 比较恰当。
58 、A 从上下文意思看，只能选择suggest 才恰当，因为这里的 suggest 并不是“提议、建 议”的意思，而是“暗示、表明”的意思，其他三个选项都没有这个词义。
59 、D 本空白处的前后是 “已经渡过了传染的……期”，显然应该选择peak 才恰当，其他选项在这里都说不通。
60 、A 由于空白处后面有 to baseline levels，而 baseline levels 肯定是原来就存在的，所以选择 returned 恰当。
61 、A 答题时要注意 but 这个词的提示作用，前面说 remains active，那 but 后面的意思一定与之相反，故应该选择 declining。
62 、C 空白处后面的 one month ago 提示了选择 over 比较恰当，这里的 over 是 “more than”的意思，整个短语作时间状语，意为“一个多月前”。
63 、D 2009 年的流感传播几乎是全球性的，北美也不例外，因此，从上下文看还是 remains恰当。如果选择 becomes，似乎原来就不是 widespread，不合适。
64 、D 显然，四个选项中只有 activity 可以填在这里，其他三个选项都无法与前后的词搭配。
65 、A 空白处前面说，大部分地区已经下降或维持不变，那么后面少数国家的增加一定是 例外，因此选择 except 与 for 搭配，正好表示“除了……外”的意思。
